Through what means do bacteria typically enter plants?

Bacteria typically enter plants through natural openings and wounds. This process occurs through structures such as stomata, which are small openings on the leaves that allow for gas exchange. Additionally, bacteria can also penetrate through wounds caused by physical damage, insect feeding, or other environmental stresses. Once bacteria gain access through these entry points, they can establish infections and potentially cause disease within the plant.

Other options, while they may suggest alternative entry methods, do not reflect the primary pathways through which bacteria infect plants. For instance, specialized roots are more associated with nutrient and water absorption than bacterial entry. Airborne spores are a common vector for fungi rather than bacteria, and indicating that bacteria enter exclusively through leaves overlooks the multiple pathways available through the entire plant system, including stems and other parts. Thus, natural openings and wounds represent the most accurate and common means for bacterial entry into plants.